Beyond Homer: Other Legends of Achilles’ Shield

kleiner, in korinthischem Stil gemalter Aryballos aus rotgelbem Thon (small Corinthian black-figure Aryballos from c. BCE) from jahrbuchdeskaiserlich page 431 Kaiserlich Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, 1887

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Copyright © 2018 Kathleen Vail.
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Gallery of Images

Detail of an Attic Black-figure Hydria, ca. 575-550 BCE, depicting Thetis delivering the new armor to Achilles.

Attic Black-Figure Exaleiptron (tripod), ca. 570–560 BCE by the C Painter depicting the moment when Athena springs fully grown from the head of Zeus. Hephaistos, on the left, is identifiable by his double-edged axe. On the right, Poseidon is identifiable by his trident.

Attic Black-Figure Hydria, ca. 510-500 BCE depicting women filling jugs at the public water fountain.

Attic black-figure white-ground lekythos, ca. 480 BCE by the Athena Painter depicting Achilles hiding in order to ambush Polyxena as she comes to the public water fountain.

Early Cycladic II era clay “frying-pan” ca. 2700-2500 BCE depicting the sun surrounded by ocean waves and fish.

Attic Red-Figure Amphora ca. 440 BCE depicting Athena facilitating the meeting between Odysseus and King Alkinoos’ daughter Nausicaa after Odysseus washes up naked onto the island of Skheria. Receiving aid from Athena, Odysseus has gathered a few branches in a pitiful attempt to hide his nakedness from the women.

Attic red-figure cup by the Brygos Potter and the Brygos Painter, ca. 490 BCE, depicting Briseis, Achilles’ beloved war captive, serving Phoenix, Achilles’ lifelong mentor.

Detail from the “Chigi Vase,” a ProtoCorinthian Olpe ca. 650-640 BC by the Chigi Painter depicting a youth playing an aulos.

Detail of Attic Black-Figure Amphora ca. 530 and 520 BCE depicting a warrior mounting his chariot to depart for war.

Attic Black-Figure Hydria ca. 500 BCE attributed to the Leagros Group depicting Aias (Ajax) carrying the body of Achilles out of battle.

Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora, ca. 510 BCE, depicting a man playing a lyre for women.

Reconstruction of the Shield of Achilles by Kathleen Vail © All Rights Reserved

Attic Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 560 BCE by the C Painter depicting nereids dancing in a line.

Detail View of Achilles on a Lucanian Red-Figure Bell-Krater, ca. 5th century BCE depicting the battle of Achilles and Penthesileia.

Nikosthenic Black-Figure Amphora, ca. 530 BCE depicting a king and his ambassadors.

Attic Black-Figure Amphora, ca. 550 BC. by the Amasis Painter depicting the Recovery of Helen by Menelaus.

Attic Black-Figure Olpe, ca. 540 BCE signed by the Amasis potter and attributed to the Amasis painter. Depicting the entry of Herakles to Olympos, this view shows (from left to right) Poseidon, Hermes, Athena, and Herakles. The inscription reads (translated) “Amasis made me.”

Attic Black-figure amphora ca. 570 BCE Depicting enemy warriors engaging in battle.

Attic Black-figure Amphora ca. 530 BCE, Depicting horses trampling a warrior in battle. Source: Wikimedia Commons

Attic red-figure Kylix ca. 490-480 BCE by the Foundry Painter depicting Hephaistos giving Achilles’ new armor to Thetis.

Chalcidian Black-Figure Neck Amphora ca. 540 BCE by the Inscription Painter (Chalcidian) depicting Odysseus slaying Diomedes. Also, please note the tree in the background as an interesting artistic motif.

The US Supreme Court in Washington, DC features a scene from the shield of Achilles on its massive front door. © Kathleen Vail, all rights reserved.

Attic Black-Figure calyx krater depicting Greek warriors battling over a corpse, probably that of Patroklos. Painted in the manner of Exekias, ca. 530 BCE.

Attic Black-Figure Amphora ca. 510 BCE, depicting Aias carrying the mortally wounded Achilles out of the battlefield.

Chryses attempting to ransom his daughter Chryseis from Agamemnon. Side A of an Apulian red-figure volute-crater, ca. 360 BC350 BC,by the Painter of Athens 1714. Found in Taranto, now in the Louvre.

Achilles’ Shield Interactive Home Page Menu

Attic red-figure pelike, ca. 470 BCE depicting a shepherd riding on the back of a ram while playing the aulos, or double flute.

Geometric Terracotta “Hirschfeld” Krater, ca. 750-735 BCE, Depicting a Funeral and Funeral Games.

Mycenaean Rhyton in the shape of a bull’s head, ca. 16th century BCE crafted of bronze, inlaid with semi-precious stones, and gilded.

Nereus (The Old Man of the Sea), and Heracles depicted at the top of a black-figured lekythos, ca. 590-580 BCE by Istanbul Painter, now in the Louvre.

Corinthian Column-Krater, known as the “Eurytios Krater” ca. 600 BCE depicting men preparing the hind legs of a sheep in preparation of a feast.

Attic black-figured volute-krater, ca. 540–510 BCE, signed by the Nikosthenes Potter, depicting Zeus separating Athena and Ares while Kyknos on the far right is fleeing from Herakles approaching on his chariot (not visible in this view).

A watercolor rendering of drawing of the “Queen’s Megaron” by Emile Gilliéron the younger, ca. 1922-1926, based on Sir Arthur Evans papers relating to his excavations at Knossos in Crete.

Ancient Greek Black-Figure Dinos signed by Sophilos, ca. 6th century BCE, depicting viewers in platform-style seating watching horse races during the funeral games of Patroklos

Attic Red-figure Kylix by the Colmar Painter, ca. 510 BCE. Source: Wikimedia Commons

Attic Black-Figure Neck Amphora by Swing Painter c. 540-530 BCE depicting the legendary “Judgement of Paris.”

Vail’s digitally edited version of an 1887 B&W drawing of an early black-figure painting of the Trojan War on a small Corinthian black-figure Aryballos. From Jahrbuchdeskaiserlich, page 431.

Attic Black-figure Amphora ca. 490-480 BCE by the Kleophrades Painter depicting the 4-horse chariot racing competition. Typically filled with olive oil, this type of trophy was awarded to chariot race winners at the Panathenaic Games in Athens.

Minoan-era Carved Stone Rhyton, ca. 1500-1450 BCE depicting a grain harvest festival.

Known as the “Mask of Agamemnon,” this exquisite funerary mask is made of gold, ca. 16th century BCE. It was found in 1876 by Heinrich Schliemann in Tomb V at Mycenae, Greece. Currently on display in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece.

Attic White-ground Lekythos ca. 490 BCE by the Diosphos Painter depicting Achilles dragging Hektor’s body behind his chariot. Notice also the winged ‘spirit’ of Patroklos flying alongside Achilles.

Detail of the ancient Greek Black-Figure “Sophilos Dinos” (wine-bowl), ca. 580-570 BCE depicting guests attending the wedding of Thetis and Peleus, future parents of Achilles. Athena and Artemis are seen riding in the chariot, followed by Thetis’ grandfather, the fish-tailed sea-god Okeanos, his wife Tethys, and Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth. Hephaistos brings up the rear, seated side-saddle on a mule.

Clay tablet inscribed with Linear B script, from the Mycenaean palace of Nestor at Pylos, ca. 1450 BCE

Tondo of an Attic Red-Figure Kylix, ca. 500 BCE, depicting Achilles tending Patroklos’ arm, wounded by an arrow.

Detail view of an Attic Black-Figure Kylix, ca. 510 BCE, depicting satyrs and maenads gathering grapes into baskets.

Attic Black-figure Amphora ca. 500-480 BCE. source: Wikimedia commons

Attic red-figured kylix ca. 490 BCE by the Douris Painter, depicting the struggle of Peleus to subjugate the sea nymph Thetis prior to their marriage.

Detail from an Attic Red-Figure Stamnos, ca. 480-470 BCE depicting Odysseus and the Sirens

Mycenaean rhyton in the shape of a bull’s head, ca. 1300–1200 BCE. Note the very straight horns, as described by Homer in Book 18, lines 573-588.

Ancient Greek Red-Figure Pelike ca. 470 BCE depicting Thetis consoling Achilles over the death of Patroklos. To the side can be seen Thetis’ sister Nereids waiting to present Achilles with his new armor.

Apulian Red-Figure Amphora by the Painter of the Berlin Dancing Girl ca. 430-410 BCE depicting Achilles and Briseis.

Attic Red-Figure Skyphos, ca. 470 – 460 BCE depicting two young men performing acrobatic stunts at a symposium.

Attic Red-Figure Kantharos, c 450-400 BCE by the Eretria Painter depicting Achilles and the Nereid Kymothea.

Detail View of an Apulian red-figure Volute Krater, ca. 320 BCE, attributed to the White Saccos Painter, depicting Hades and Persephone enthroned in the palace of the Underworld

Lucanian Red-Figure Calyx-Krater, ca. 380 BCE by the Dolon Painter depicting Odysseus consulting Tiresias in Hades.

Detail from the Amphiaraos Krater ca. 570 BCE depicting women beside a columned porch waving goodbye to Amphiaraos.

Attic Black-figure Amphora by the Antimenes Painter, ca. 510 BCE. Source: Wikimedia Commons

Detail of the Mykonos Pith Amphora, ca. mid 7th century BCE, showing what is thought to be the earliest depiction of the Trojan Horse.

Detail from the ancient Greek Black-Figure “Sophilos Dinos” (wine-bowl), ca. 580-570 BCE depicting the arrival of guests to the wedding of Thetis and Peleus, the future parents of Achilles. The first chariot in the procession is carrying Zeus and Hera, and the second is carrying Poseidon and Amphitrite.

Late Bronze Age Mycenaean Bronze dagger, bronze with inlaid silver and gold depicting warriors hunting lions, ca. 16th century BCE.

Neck of a Proto-Attic Funerary Amphora ca. 650 BCE by the Polyphemus Painter depicting Odysseus and his men blinding Polyphemos the Cyclops.

Attic Black-figure Amphora ca. 585 BCE by unidentified painter depicting two warriors in battle, possibly Achilles and Hektor, with the mother of each, Thetis and Hecuba in this case, to left and right of the warriors.

White-Ground Lekythos ca. 490-480 BCE by the Athena Painter depicting Odysseus’ men turned into pigs by Circe.

Illustration by Dugald Sutherland MacColl (British draftsman, 1859-1948) of a tondo from an Attic Black-Figure Kylix (ca. 550 BCE) discovered at Corneto. Published in Harrison, Jane Ellen and D.S. MacColl’s “Greek vase paintings; a selection of examples, with preface, introduction and descriptions.” London: T.F. Unwin, 1894. The image depicts maidens holding hands and dancing in a circle. In the center is depicted Herakles wrestling with Nereus, the Old Man of the Sea.

Minoan-era Terracotta Pithos, ca. 1800-1700 BCE depicting ocean wave patterns and fish caught in a net.

Getty open image attributed to the Inscription Painter; Chalcidian Black-figure neck amphora; Greek Chalcidian, ca. 540 BCE

Black-Figure terracotta vessel (date and artist unknown) depicting an ancient greek ship similar to the type described by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. At the bow of the ship, note the prominently displayed ‘apotropaic ophthalmos’ or eye, and the ‘long-beaked’ ramming nose painted as a wild boar.

Corinthian Black-Figure Hydria depicting Thetis and the Nereids Mourning Achilles’ Death. (c) RMN. Now in The Louvre

Corinthian Painted Wooden Plate, ca. 540-530 BCE depicting a procession to an altar to sacrifice a lamb, accompanied by flute and lyre. The names of the Three Graces are inscribed on the plaque, which was found in a cave above the village of Pitsa, in Corinth, Greece.

Detail view of an Attic Red-Figure Amphora ca. 440 BCE depicting Athena facilitating the meeting between Odysseus and King Alkinoos’ daughter Nausicaa after Odysseus washes up naked onto the island of Skheria. Receiving aid from Athena, Odysseus has gathered a few branches in a pitiful attempt to hide his nakedness from the women.

Apulian Red-Figured Volute-Krater ca. 410–400 BCE by the Sisyphus Painter depicting the arrival of a young warrior or hero. Alternatively, it could be a departure. It is considered to be possibly Theseus arriving at Athens and being recognized because of his sword by Aegeus. I would also submit its likelihood as either the arrival of Telemachus or Paris to the home of Menelaus and Helen. If you enlarge the image and note the eye contact between the beautiful woman and the handsome young man, you’ll likely agree that it’s Paris before he kidnaps Helen to Troy!

Marble bust of Homer, ca. 2nd – 1st century BCE Roman copy from a now-lost Greek original.

Attic Black-Figure Amphora ca. 530 BCE attributed to the painter Exekias, depicting the suicide of Telamonian Aias (Ajax) after Odysseus wins Achilles’ glorious armor in a competition with Aias.

Image of Achilles’ shield from The Iliad (translated by Pope), pg 171 of Vol. 5, published in 1720.

Detail of Attic Black-Figure Column Krater, ca. 525 BCE depicting a lion attacking a bull.

Greek Black-Figure amphora, ca. 540–530 BCE depicting Hermes and Io (in the form of a cow).

Attic Black-Figure Oinochoe by the Taleides Painter ca. 520 BCE, depicting Odysseus and Aias (Ajax) quarreling over Achilles’ armor.

Vail’s colorized rendition of a B&W drawing of a lost Chalcidian Black-Figure Amphora from 540-530 BCE by the Inscriptions Painter depicting the epic death of Achilles. Note the arrow in Achilles’ ankle. Above Achilles stands Aias fighting off Paris with his bow still drawn.

Attic Red-Figure Kylix (interior) ca. 480 BCE by the Briseis Painter depicting King Priam entering Achilles’ hut to ransom his dead son Hektor’s body.

Attic Black-Figure Column Krater, ca. second half of 6th century BCE depicting Odysseus escaping Polyphemos the Cyclops by tying himself to the belly of a ram.

Detail from the Amphiaraos Krater ca. 570 BCE depicting horses and a woman beside a columned portico.

Epicenter: CREATION. From the Shield of Achilles by Kathleen Vail © All Rights Reserved

Dueling warriors depicted on an Attic Black-figure Neck Amphora, ca. 550 BCE. source: Wikimedia commons

The Lion Gate at Mycenae, Greece – portal to the Ancient Greek royal seat of Agamemnon, leader of the Greek forces in the Trojan War made famous in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.

Detail of Side B from an Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 530 BCE painted in the manner of the Lysippides Painter depicting a young warrior arming with the assistance of a woman.

Detail from an Attic Black-Figure Stamnos ca. 500 BCE, depicting revelers dancing behind a man playing a lyre.

Attic Black-Figure Band Cup, ca. 560-550 BCE depicting a plowman behind a team of cattle.

Table of Contents
Home Page

Foreword and Endorsements from the Field of Classical Studies

A Pre-War Prologue

The Timeless Roots of The Trojan War

A Mother’s Sad Request For Her Son

The Appearance of Achilles’ Shield

I. Epicenter: CREATION

II. Inner Ring: CIVIL LIFE

III. Middle Ring: WARTIME

IV. Outer Ring: PEACETIME

V. Outer Rim: MIGHTY OCEAN CURRENT

The Death of Achilles and Disappearance of His Shield

The Epic Death of Achilles

The Divine Shield of Achilles Disappears

Beyond Homer: Other Legends of Achilles’ Shield

The Significance of Achilles’ Shield

Finding Physical Significance in a Literal Shield

Regarding the Metaphorical Motifs on Achilles’ Shield

Appreciating the Spiritual Allegories on Achilles’ Shield

Shield Characters and References

Glossary of Characters

Scene References

Bibliography

Achilles’ Blog Posts

#TroyExhibition: Tweet & Photo Party!

NEWSFLASH! UC Archaeologists Find Gold-Lined Tombs of Mycenaean Era in Pylos, Greece

The Mother of Big Fat Greek Weddings: Thetis & Peleus’ Wedding in Art Through the Ages

Vail’s Shield of Achilles Featured in Catholic Faith & Culture Video Course

Guest Post by Armand D’Angour: Was the Real Socrates More Worldly & Amorous Than We Knew?

Guest Post: Achilles’ Shield Portrays an Ancient Greek View of Reality, by James R. Harrington

Hercules: A Forefather of Hydraulic Engineering in Mycenaean Greece? Guest Post by Novo Scriptorium

Book Review: Gods and the Dust: Greek Mythology as a High Fantasy Epic by Joshua Rivoli

Book Review: The Falcon of Sparta by Conn Iggulden

My Book, Reconstructing the Shield of Achilles, is Now Published!

Guest Post: Achilles’ Shield and Schiller’s Philosophy of Aesthetics, by Corry Shores

Guest Poem: “Upon Trojan Field, At Dawn” by Ismail Butera

Thetis Delivering Achilles’ Shield in Art Through the Ages

C.P. Cavafy: The Horses of Achilles – A New Translation by Kathleen Vail

Guest Post: Learning Ancient Greek Medicine from Homer by Rachel Hajar, MD

Thetis Delivered Achilles’ Shield to…Lord Nelson at Trafalgar?

Reviewing Homer’s Iliad: The Shield of Memory by Dr. Ken Atchity

Hephaestus Forging the Shield of Achilles in Art Through the Ages

Guest Post: Achilles’ Violent Shouting by Tom Hillman

The Life of Achilles by Peter Paul Rubens

Reading Helen in Egypt – in Egypt

Guest Poem: “Sandals on the Ground” by John Flanagan

A Mycenaean Ship Maneuver Depicted on a Minoan Shipwreck Fresco

Pelias, Neleus, Pylos & Nestor: Guest Post by Luciana Cavallaro

NEWSFLASH! Vail’s SHIELD OF ACHILLES Featured on Cover of New Oxford University Press Textbook!

Guest Post: “Hephaestus” by Aquileana

Guest Post: Analyzing Military Tactics in the Iliad by Manousos Kambouris for KORYVANTES

Guest Post: Heroes of Troy and Mycenae – Illustrated – by Barry C. Jacobsen

Guest Post: Construction of the Mycenaean Chariot by Rita Roberts

Guest Post: A Mycenaean Chariot in the Knossos Armory by Richard Vallance

A Bronze Chariot To Die For, ca. 560 BCE

Dear Ajax, Telamon WAS A Tough Act To Follow

Tragedy, Katharsis, & The Theater of War

Guest Post: Achilles’ Kleos In Logue’s War Music by Melissa Beck

It All Comes Together When His Head Bursts Into Flames

About the Author and the Artist

Tags
Achilles Achilles Achilles' Shield Adriana Emiliozzi Ajax Allegory of Good and Bad Government Amalia Pedemonte Ambrogio Lorenzetti ancient Greece ancient Greek warfare Aquileana Argonautica Aristotle armory Art History Barry C. Jacobsen Book Reviews Bryan Doerries C. P. Cavafy Carolina López-Ruiz catharsis Chariots Christopher Logue Classics Diodorus Siculus Dr. Manousos Kambouris Etruscan Fine Art Giuseppe Rava glory gods Greek Mythology Gregory Nagy Hephaestus Hephaistos Heracles Heroes Holly Rene Hunter Homer Iliad Italy Jason and the Argonauts kleos Knossos KORYVANTES Linear B Luciana Cavallaro Metropolitan Museum of Art monsters Monteleone Mycenae Mycenaeans mythology Near Eastern mythology Neleus Nestor Oxford University Press Peter Connolly philosophy Poetry Pylos Richard Vallance Janke Rita Roberts Socrates Sophocles Telamon Theater of War The Deadliest Blogger Thetis Tragedy translations Trojan War Trojan War Art Troy War Music

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